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1. Introduction 3702. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy–general principles 3722.1 Vibrations 3722.2
Information that can be derived from the vibrational spectrum 3722.3 Absorption of IR light …

Amino acid side chains play fundamental roles in stabilising protein structures and in
catalysing enzymatic reactions. These fields are increasingly investigated by infrared …

The atomic structure of the light-driven ion pump bacteriorhodopsin and the surrounding
lipid matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction of crystals grown in cubic lipid phase. In the …

Photochromic proteins are very rare in nature as far as the number of different models is
regarded. However, those few proteins play a key role in photosynthesis and visual …

The promise of new architectures and more cost-effective miniaturization has prompted
interest in molecular and biomolecular electronics. Bioelectronics offers valuable near-term …

Internal water molecules are considered to play a crucial role in the functional processes of
proton pump proteins. They may participate in hydrogen-bonding networks inside proteins …

Identifying the p K a values of aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) in active sites is
essential for understanding enzyme reaction mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the …

We have measured proton release into the medium after proton transfer from the retinal
Schiff base to Asp 85 in the photocycle and the C= O stretch bands of carboxylic acids in …

The various ion pumps in cells and organelles that generate transmembrane
electrochemical potential for protons are driven in various ways: changes in substrate …