All types of building materials are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, initially through an
invisible and then later a visible biofilm that leads to their biodeterioration. Over centuries …

Many biocidal products are applied to stone monuments as a conservative treatment against
biodeterioration. However, checking national and international committees for the …

An important field of research is devoted to the development of innovative, sustainable, and
safe methodologies to counteract biodeterioration of stone monuments due to the growth of …

The development of phototrophic biofilms deteriorating stone cultural heritage is a well-
known phenomenon that causes not only discoloration but also micro-decohesion of …

Cultural relics such as wall paintings and stone relics face a decrease in mechanical
strength and contamination from microbial growth. Nanolime (NL), as an exceptional …

Stone monuments in outdoor environments are subjected to biodeterioration due to the
growth on their surfaces of biofilms responsible of aesthetic, physical and chemical …

Hypogeal environments due to their limited air circulation, low constant temperatures and
high humidity could be threatened by microbial spreading. In cultural heritage preservation …

Cultural heritage stone materials frequently experience significant discoloration induced by
copper corrosion products, especially calcareous stones associated with bronze or copper …

The removal of biological colonization on building materials of cultural heritage is a difficult
challenge, as the treatment must completely eliminate the biological patina without altering …

We report on the XPS analysis of degraded surfaces inside San Pietro Barisano, the
rupestrian church carved into the calcarenite rock of ancient Matera, which has been a …