Since the work of Golgi and Cajal, light microscopy has remained a key tool for
neuroscientists to observe cellular properties. Ongoing advances have enabled new …

This article reviews the latest instrumentation used in high resolution nonlinear microscopy
and techniques for the temporal and spatial calibration of this instrumentation. This includes …

Recording the activity of large populations of neurons is an important step toward
understanding the emergent function of neural circuits. Here we present a simple …

The ability to perform optical sectioning is one of the great advantages of laser-scanning
microscopy. This introduces, however, a number of difficulties due to the scanning process …

Two-photon microscopy is a mainstay technique for imaging in scattering media and
normally provides frame-acquisition rates of~ 10–30 Hz. To track high-speed phenomena …

We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and
limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of …

Multiphoton multifocal microscopy (MMM) usually has been achieved through a combination
of galvo scanners with microlens arrays, with rotating disks of microlens arrays, and …

Two optical configurations are commonly used in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy:
point-like excitation and detection to study freely diffusing molecules, and wide field …

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) enhances imaging speed by parallelization. It is
not well understood why the imaging depth of MMM is significantly shorter than conventional …

In conventional two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, the numerical aperture of
the objective determines the lateral resolution and the depth of field. In some situations, as …