Healthy kidneys maintain fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis by adjusting urine volume and
composition according to physiological needs. The final urine composition is determined in …

Objectives In the coming generation, older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) will increase in
absolute numbers as well as proportion of the general population. This is the first report of …

People with severe mental illness have a considerably shorter lifespan than the general
population. This excess mortality is mainly due to physical illness. Next to mental illness …

Background Lithium is a widely used and highly effective treatment for mood disorders, but
causes poorly characterised adverse effects in kidney and endocrine systems. We aimed to …

Lithium has been the treatment of choice for patients with bipolar disorder (BD) for nearly 70
years. It is recommended by all relevant guidelines as a first-line treatment for maintenance …

Background Despite lithium being the most efficacious treatment for bipolar disorder, its use
has been decreasing at least in part due to concerns about its potential to cause significant …

Background Concerns about potential adverse effects of long-term exposure to lithium as a
mood-stabilizing treatment notably include altered renal function. However, the incidence of …

Background Lithium augmentation of antidepressants for treatment of unipolar major
depression was one of the first adjunctive strategies based on a neuropharmacologic …

Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression, are relatively common human
diseases for which pharmacological treatment options are often not optimal. Among existing …

Lithium has been used for the management of psychiatric illnesses for over 50 years and it
continues to be regarded as a first-line agent for the treatment and prevention of bipolar …