In recent years, deep learning has significantly reshaped numerous fields and applications,
fundamentally altering how we tackle a variety of challenges. Areas such as natural …

Runoff simulation is essential for effective water resource management and plays a pivotal
role in hydrological forecasting. Improving the quality of runoff simulation and forecasting …

Streamflow simulation in human-regulated catchments is a great challenge for both process-
based hydrological models and deep learning (DL) methods, mainly because human …

Abstract Study region Yellow River Basin in China, where streamflow dynamics were
significantly impacted by human activities. Study focus We introduced a deep learning …

Snow on sea ice plays an important role in the polar climate system and accurate snow
depth (SD) information on sea ice is necessary for satellite estimates of sea ice thickness …

The state and fate of snow on sea ice are crucial in the mass and energy balance of sea ice.
The function of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on snow depth over sea ice has not been …

The gradient ratios (GRs), defined as the normalized difference between measured vertically
(V) or horizontally (H) polarized brightness temperatures (TBs) at two frequencies, have …

The surface effective emissivities of Arctic sea ice are calculated using Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) measurements. These emissivities are analyzed for stable …

Passive microwave remote sensing provides unique pan-Arctic light-and cloud-independent
daily coverage of lead fraction (LF) for Arctic winter and spring. In this study, we conducted a …

Snowpack atop sea ice plays a vital role in the Arctic heat and energy balance by reducing
the energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. This study presents an …