Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, continues to cause substantial morbidity …

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), results in life-threatening disease in a minority of patients, especially elderly …

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing the
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ravaged the world with over 72 million total …

Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) has generally been described as a collection of clinical
manifestations resulting from an overactivated immune system. Cytokine storms (CSs) are …

Coronaviruses, named for their crown-like spiked surface, are genetically diverse and can
infect multiple animal species, including bats, pigs, cats, rodents, and humans. Aside from …

Abstract Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a devastating respiratory illness caused by
SARS-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has already affected over 64 million people …

SARS-CoV-2 causes acute respiratory distress that can progress to multiorgan failure and
death in a minority of patients. Although severe COVID-19 disease is linked to exuberant …

Vitamin D is associated with biological activities of the innate and adaptive immune systems,
as well as inflammation. In observational studies, an inverse relationship has been found …

The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens;
however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is …

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, remains among the main causes of global
mortality. Although antigen/antibody-based immunoassays and neutralizing antibodies …