Critical reading is required for information literacy in the 21st century. However, how
students read and process conflicting information regarding controversial issues is still not …

Background Eye-tracking methods can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional
reading in science in terms of understanding thereader's cognition and the reading process …

With the increasing use of the Internet, people encounter a variety of news in online media
and social media every day. For digital content without fact-checking mechanisms, it is likely …

Readers tend to allocate more cognitive resources to processing belief-consistent than
belief-inconsistent information when reading multiple texts displaying discrepant views. This …

Knowledge Building (KB) is an established learning sciences theory that seeks to promote
innovative ideas and idea improvement among students via collaborative engagement in …

Nihil est in intellectu quod non sit prius in sensu, said the saint and philosopher Thomas
Aquinas (Aquinas, 1259). With that statement, he argued that everything that is in our mind …

This study used eye-tracking and cued-retrospective thinking aloud to examine how
laypersons, as compared to experts in the domain of nanosafety, read an online article …

In the curriculum guidelines of 12-year basic education, high school students are expected
to learn the ability to discover, recognize, and solve historical problems. To develop this …

Online reading is one of the sources to acquire knowledge, but learners may encounter
conflicting texts during reading. Thus, learners need to distinguish the source's …

When reading about scientific topics on the Internet it is common to encounter conflicting
knowledge claims rooted in the tentative nature of science, the lacking quality control of …