Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is used clinically by a variety of health
care professionals for the reduction of pain. Clinical effectiveness of TENS is controversial …

Endogenous, descending noradrenergic fibers impose analgesic control over spinal afferent
circuitry mediating the rostrad transmission of pain signals. These fibers target alpha 2 …

Background Experimental studies and clinical observations suggest a possible role for
opioids to induce pain and hyperalgesia on withdrawal. The authors used a new …

Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-d-aspartate subclass (NMDAR) or
inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) prevent nervous system plasticity. Inflammatory and …

Opioid and α2‐adrenoceptor agonists are potent analgesic drugs and their analgesic effects
can synergize when co‐administered. These supra‐additive interactions are potentially …

Xen2174 is a structural analogue of Mr1A, a χ-conopeptide recently isolated from the venom
of the marine cone snail, Conus marmoreus. Although both χ-conopeptides are highly …

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible antinociceptive effect of
systemic administration of tramadol and dexmedetomidine either alone or in combination on …

Opioids are used to manage all types of pain including acute, cancer, chronic neuropathic
and inflammatory pain. Unfortunately, opioid-related adverse effects such as respiratory …

Pain remains a major clinical challenge because there are no effective analgesics for some
pain conditions and the mainstay analgesics for severe pain, opioids, have serious …

Alpha 2 agonists have been in clinical use for decades, primarily in the treatment of
hypertension. In recent years, alpha 2 agonists have found wider application, particularly in …