In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an important report entitled
“Innovation/Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical …

Chemotherapy has been widely applied in clinics. However, the therapeutic potential of
chemotherapy against cancer is seriously dissatisfactory due to the nonspecific drug …

Near infrared (NIR) light penetrates human tissues with limited depth, thereby providing a
method to safely deliver non‐ionizing radiation to well‐defined target tissue volumes. Light …

Photodynamic nanomedicines have significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of
photosensitizers (PSs) by overcoming critical limitations of PSs such as poor water solubility …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment strategy where activation of
photosensitizer drugs with specific wavelengths of light results in energy transfer cascades …

Anticancer drug resistance almost invariably emerges and poses major obstacles towards
curative therapy of various human malignancies. In the current review we will distinguish …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy, especially for
chemotherapy. The new drug delivery system (DDS) provides promising approaches to …

Nano graphene oxide sheet (nanoGO) was non-covalently functionalized with Pluronic
block copolymer and complexed with methylene blue, a hydrophilic and positively charged …

Different mechanisms in cancer cells become resistant to one or more chemotherapeutics is
known as multidrug resistance (MDR) which hinders chemotherapy efficacy. Potential …

Conventional chemotherapy, one of the most widely used cancer treatment methods, has
serious side effects, and usually results in cancer treatment failure. Drug resistance is one of …