The mesopontine tegmentum, comprising the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPN) and the
laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), is intricately connected to various regions of the basal …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been considered a key brain region for encoding
reward/aversion and cue–outcome associations. These processes are encoded by medium …

Dopamine (DA) signal play pivotal roles in regulating motivated behaviors, including feeding
behavior, but the role of midbrain DA neurons in modulating food intake and neural circuitry …

The globus pallidus externus (GPe) is a central component of the basal ganglia circuit that
acts as a gatekeeper of cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity. However, the molecular and …

To survive, individuals must learn to associate cues in the environment with emotionally
relevant outcomes. This association is partially mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) …

The successful pursuit of goals requires the coordinated execution and termination of
actions that lead to positive outcomes. This process relies on motivational states that are …

For over four decades, fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used to selectively
measure neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA) with high spatial and temporal …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is thought to contribute to motivated behavior by signaling
the value of reward-predicting cues and the delivery of anticipated reward. The NAc is …

Optogenetics, a technique that employs light for neuromodulation, has revolutionized the
study of neural mechanisms and the treatment of neurological disorders due to its high …

Visceral and somatic pain serve as protective mechanisms against external threats.
Accumulated evidence has confirmed that the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) plays an …