SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living
organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters …

Drug resistance in bacteria, and especially resistance to multiple antibacterials, has
attracted much attention in recent years. In addition to the well known mechanisms, such as …

The active transport of toxic compounds by membrane-bound efflux proteins is becoming an
increasingly frequent mechanism by which cells exhibit resistance to therapeutic drugs. This …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can withstand months of antibiotic treatment. An important
goal of tuberculosis research is to shorten the treatment to reduce the burden on patients …

Multidrug efflux transporters are a plague in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms as they
confer the capacity of bacteria to evade most of current therapies. Although these …

Since it was found that the P-glycoproteins encoded by the MDR3 (MDR2) gene in humans
and the Mdr2 gene in mice are primarily phosphatidylcholine translocators, there has been …

The genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters occupy 2.5% of the genome
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, none of these putative ABC transporters has been …

Knowledge about biosynthetic gene clusters from antibiotic-producing actinomycetes is
continuously increasing and the presence of an ABC transporter system is a fairly general …

Many microbes synthesize potentially autotoxic antibiotics, mainly as secondary metabolites,
against which they need to protect themselves. This is done in various ways, ranging from …

Resistance to drugs has emerged in biological systems as diverse as cancer cells
undergoing chemotherapy and microbial pathogens undergoing treatment with …