Three neuromodulation therapies have been appropriately tested and approved in refractory
focal epilepsies: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation of the anterior …

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological chronic disorders, with an estimated
prevalence of 0. 5–1%. Currently, treatment options for epilepsy are predominantly based on …

Abstract Development of central nervous system (CNS) is regulated by both intrinsic and
peripheral signals. Previous studies have suggested that environmental factors affect …

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus
nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research …

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects over 70 million people worldwide.
Despite the recent introduction of new antiseizure drugs (ASDs), about one-third of patients …

Abstract Seizures in some 30% to 40% of patients with epilepsy fail to respond to
antiepileptic drugs or other treatments. While much has been made of the risks of new drug …

Objective: The long-term efficacy and safety of responsive direct neurostimulation was
assessed in adults with medically refractory partial onset seizures. Methods: All participants …

The vagus nerve is a major component of the autonomic nervous system, has an important
role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and plays a key role in the neuro-endocrine …

The development of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) began in the 19th century. Although it
did not work well initially, it introduced the idea that led to many VNS‐related animal studies …

Approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, and approximately 30% to
40% of these persons have seizures that are refractory to treatment with antiepileptic …