Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins which are produced as membrane-bound receptors on
B-cells or in a secreted form, known as antibodies. In teleosts, three immunoglobulin …

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is central to our understanding of immunoglobulin evolution. It has
links to antibodies from the ancestral IgM to the mucosal IgX and IgA, as well as to …

Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose
approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events …

Self-tolerance by clonal anergy of B cells is marked by an increase in IgD and decrease in
IgM antigen receptor surface expression, yet the function of IgD on anergic cells is obscure …

Teleost B cells are primitive lymphocytes with both innate and adaptive immune functions.
However, the heterogeneity and differentiation trajectory of teleost B cells remain largely …

Antibodies are essential components of the adaptive immune system and can be found in all
jawed vertebrates. They are produced by B cells, bind to their specific antigen, and protect …

As the teleost specific immunoglobulin, IgT plays important roles in systemic and mucosal
immunity. In the current study, in rainbow trout, we have cloned the heavy chain (Igτ) genes …

Birds have a unique organ for primary B lymphopoiesis, the bursa of Fabricius. Thus avian B-
cell development can be classified into prebursal, bursal, and postbursal stages. During …

Cancerous B cells are almost indistinguishable from their non-malignant counterparts
regarding their surface antigen expression. Accordingly, the challenge to be faced consists …

Host cells develop the OAS/RNase L [2′–5′–oligoadenylate synthetase
(OAS)/ribonuclease L] system to degrade cellular and viral RNA, and/or the OASL/RIG-I (2 …