Honey is the source of energy for the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. Beyond simple
nutrition and a hedge against the seasonal, geographic, and chemical unpredictability of …

Spermidine and spermine are special polyamines in organisms, and produced in vivo by
putrescine and S-adenosylmethionine catalyzed by a variety of enzymes. Spermidine and …

Plants have unique chemical and physical traits that can reduce infections in animals
ranging from primates to caterpillars. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus; Asteraceae) are one …

Bees are exposed to various stressors, including pesticides and lack of flowering resources.
Despite potential interactions between these stressors, the impacts of pesticides on bees are …

Bee pollen, which is known as a “full-nutrient food”, has outstanding anti-tyrosinase activity.
However, the chemical components contributing to this activity remain unknown. To …

Pollen is an essential component of bee diets, and rearing bumble bees (Bombus spp.) for
commercial use necessitates feeding pollen in mass quantities. This pollen is collected from …

Floral nectar and pollen commonly contain diverse secondary metabolites. While these
compounds are classically thought to play a role in plant defense, recent research indicates …

Certain diets can benefit bee health by reducing pathogens, but the mechanism (s) driving
these medicinal effects are largely unexplored. Recent research found that sunflower …

1. Social insect castes and sexes differ in many ways, including morphology, behavior, and
sometimes ploidy level. Recent studies have found that consuming sunflower pollen …

Community diversity can reduce the prevalence and spread of disease, but certain species
may play a disproportionate role in diluting or amplifying pathogens. Flowers act as both …