OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature on the regulation of bone remodelling at the
cellular level. DESIGN AND METHODS: The cellular activities of the cells in the basic …

Bone vasculature plays a vital role in bone development, remodeling and homeostasis. New
blood vessel formation is crucial during both primary bone development as well as fracture …

The importance of the vascular supply for bone is well-known to orthopaedists but is still
rather overlooked within the wider field of skeletal research. Blood supplies oxygen …

Angiogenesis plays an important role in physiological bone growth and remodeling, as well
as in pathological bone disorders such as fracture repair, osteonecrosis, and tumor …

Osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis are energy-consuming processes supported by high
metabolic activities. In human osteoclasts derived from the fusion of monocytic precursors …

Bone homeostasis is profoundly affected by local pH and oxygen tension. It has long been
recognised that the skeleton contains a large reserve of alkaline mineral (hydroxyapatite) …

Osteocytes, entrapped within the mineralized bone matrix, has been found to have
numerous functions such as acting as an orchestrator of bone remodeling through …

Bone integrity is maintained throughout life via the homeostatic actions of bone cells,
namely, osteoclasts, which resorb bone, and osteoblasts, which produce bone. Disruption of …

Osteoclasts are defined as cells capable of excavating 3-dimensional resorption pits in bone
and other mineralised tissues. They are derived from the differentiation/fusion of …

To maintain normal cellular and physiological function, sufficient oxygen is required.
Recently, evidence has suggested that hypoxia, either pathological or environmental, may …