Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents an evolutionarily conserved family of
secreted polypeptide factors that regulate many aspects of physiological embryogenesis …

Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Few cell signals match the impact of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in
metazoan biology. TGFβ cytokines regulate cell fate decisions during development, tissue …

Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer
of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and
degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic …

Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate
extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by …

In neuroblastoma, the interplay between immune cells of the tumor microenvironment and
cancer cells contributes to immune escape mechanisms and drug resistance. In this study …

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of ligands elicit their biological effects by
initiating new programs of gene expression. The best understood signal transducers for …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and
growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and …