Rationale Despite decades of research, tardive dyskinesia (TD) remains a poorly
understood iatrogenic movement disorder with few effective treatments and no known cure …

Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein family. These phosphoproteins are
evolutionarily conserved across many organisms and are important in a variety of synaptic …

Background Xanthenes and multi-aryl carbon core containing compounds represent
different types of complex and condensed architectures that have impressive wide range of …

The start of the era of modern psychopharmacology can be dated from 1949, with the
introduction of lithium carbonate in Melbourne, Australia, as a selective and effective …

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is characterized by involuntary movements of the lower portion of
the face being related to typical antipsychotic therapy. TD is associated with the oxidative …

Reserpine (Res) induces anxiety-like behaviors, orofacial dyskinesia, and
neurodegeneration in animals, the pathophysiology of which has been related to oxidative …

Effects of yokukansan (YKS) on vacuous chewing movement (VCM), which is an index for
tardive dyskinesia, were investigated in haloperidol decanoate-treated rats. Haloperidol …

Long-term treatment with fluphenazine is associated with manifestation of extrapyramidal
side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia. The molecular mechanisms related to the …

Haloperidol is a first‐generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychoses, especially
schizophrenia. This drug acts by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, reducing psychotic …

Haloperidol is a classic antipsychotic drug known for its propensity to cause extrapyramidal
symptoms and impaired memory, owing to blockade of striatal dopamine D2 receptors …