Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PD
patients exhibit motor symptoms such as akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural …

Alteration in neurotransmitters signaling in basal ganglia has been consistently shown to
significantly contribute to the pathophysiological basis of Parkinson's disease and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-
motor symptoms. Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy has …

Autophagy is necessary for neuronal homeostasis and its dysfunction has been implicated
in Parkinson's disease (PD) as it can exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER …

Asymptomatic and early clinical stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been linked with
comorbid non‐motor symptoms including dysfunction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract …

Parkinson's disease is a leading hypokinetic disorder characterized by selective loss of
dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of mid-brain …

Abstract Rotenone ([2R-(2α, 6aα, 12aα)]-1, 2, 12, 12a-tetrahydro-8, 9-dimethoxy-2-(1-
methylethenyl)-[1] benzopyran [3, 4-b] furo [2, 3-h][1] benzopyran-6 (6aH)-one) is a naturally …

Rotenone (ROT)-induced neurotoxicity has been used for decades as an animal model of
Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. This model exhibits pathophysiological features similar …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms associated
with dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic injury. Vortioxetine is a multimodal serotonergic …

Background: Europinidin is a derivative of delphinidin obtained from the plants Plumbago
Europea and Ceratostigma plumbaginoides. This herb has wide medicinal applications in …