Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain
structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function …

The ongoing debate regarding the effects of bilingualism on executive functions warrants a
deeper investigation into sample characteristics, and the likelihood of performance …

To achieve fluent language processing as a bilingual, a dominant theoretical framework
assumes that the nontarget language is inhibited. This assumption is based on several …

The pervasive monolingual bias present within many societies threatens the well-being of
bilingual children and their families. Unfortunately, such bias is present in much …

The protective effects of multiple language knowledge on the maintenance of cognitive
functions in older adults have been discussed controversially, among others, because of …

Early research that relied on standardized assessments of intelligence reported negative
effects of bilingualism for children, but a study by Peal and Lambert (1962) reported better …

The question of whether bilingual language experience confers a cognitive advantage is still
open. Studies report that putative bilingual advantages can be accounted for by individual …

The debate concerning a potential bilingual cognitive advantage is ongoing but has turned
to focus on understanding factors modulating the appearance of bilingual effects. The …

Effective communication in multilingual environments requires bilinguals to constantly
monitor linguistic cues. It is hypothesized that the constant need to monitor may result in …

Purpose: Bilingual language experience is thought to confer non-linguistic benefits in
general cognition including improved cognitive control. These bilingual effects are most …