Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

Numerous studies have indicated that the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is strictly associated with the accumulation of toxic …

Objective The consumption of an agrarian diet is associated with a reduced risk for many
diseases associated with a 'Westernised'lifestyle. Studies suggest that diet affects the gut …

The human gut harbors> 100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the nutrition,
metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we review the quantitative …

Elevated protein catabolism and protein malnutrition are common in patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The underlying etiology …

Also known as the “second human genome,” the gut microbiome plays important roles in
both the maintenance of health and the pathogenesis of disease. The symbiotic relationship …

Background Human gut bacteria can synthesize proteinogenic amino acids and produce a
range of metabolites via protein fermentation, some known to exert beneficial or harmful …

An updated review of the existing knowledge regarding uremic toxins facilitates the design
of experimental studies. We performed a literature search and found 621 articles about …

The host–gut microbiota interaction has been the focus of increasing interest in recent years.
It has been determined that this complex interaction is not only essential to many aspects of …

Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction
occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions …