One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is …

Mounting evidence indicates that microglial activation contributes to neuronal damage in
neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies show that in response to certain environmental …

Background Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence
neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and …

Glutamate's role as a neurotransmitter at synapses has been known for 40 years, but
glutamate has since been shown to regulate neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth …

Neuroprotection and brain repair in patients after acute brain damage are still major
unfulfilled medical needs. Pharmacological treatments are either ineffective or confounded …

Reactive astrogliosis has long been recognized as a ubiquitous feature of CNS pathologies.
Although its roles in CNS pathology are only beginning to be defined, genetic tools are …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) proteins are multifunctional cytokines whose neural
functions are increasingly recognized. The machinery of TGF-β signaling, including the …

Dipeptide repeat proteins are a major pathogenic feature of C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (C9ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD) pathology, but their physiological impact …

The aging brain is characterized by a shift from the homeostatic balance of inflammatory
mediators to a proinflammatory state. This increase in neuroinflammation is marked by …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a natural adjuvant synthesized by gram-negative bacteria that
has profound effects on CD4 T-cell responses. LPS stimulates cells through the Toll-like …