Despite its apparent intuitiveness and widespread interest from across various fields,'effort'is
a variable that seems difficult to define. The purpose of this article is to consider and define …

Background Mental effort plays a critical role in regulating cognition. However, the
experience of mental effort may differ for individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity …

Nonoscillatory measures of brain activity such as the spectral slope and Lempel–Ziv
complexity are affected by many neurological disorders and modulated by sleep. A multitude …

Flow is defined as the “optimal experience” of complete engagement with a task. It is thought
of as a distinctive state of mind that is characterized by heightened attentional focus and …

Challenging academic tasks that start or end with extra opportunities for success are
sometimes preferred to challenging tasks that do not include these opportunities–this has …

Despite its apparent intuitiveness and widespread interest from across various fields,'effort'is
a variable that seems difficult to define. The purpose of this article is to consider and define …

Background Comprehensive testing of cognitive functioning is standard practice in studies of
Alzheimer disease (AD). Short-form tests like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) …

The experience of brain power is a crucial element of collective flourishing and the
regulation of cognition. However, essential questions regarding its mechanisms remain …

Ego-depletion refers to the observation that using self-control at Time 1 (T1) in the
sequential-task paradigm leads to worse self-control at Time 2 (T2; Baumeister et al., 1998) …

Metacognitive ratings of effort are typically assessed by asking participants to indicate their
mental effort on a performance-based task. Executive functions enable problem solving and …