The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is one of the best understood immune-
related pathways thanks to almost four decades of intense research. NF-κB signaling is …

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine with important functions in homeostasis and disease
pathogenesis. Recent discoveries have provided insights into TNF biology that introduce …

Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred
via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has …

The NF-κB transcription factor was discovered 30 years ago and has since emerged as the
master regulator of inflammation and immune homeostasis. It achieves this status by means …

Cells must adapt to changes in their environment to maintain cell, tissue and organismal
integrity in the face of mechanical, chemical or microbiological stress. Nuclear factor-κB (NF …

The NF-κB family of inducible transcription factors is activated in response to a variety of
stimuli. Amongst the best-characterized inducers of NF-κB are members of the TNF family of …

Atrophy is a classical hallmark of an array of disorders that affect skeletal muscle, ranging
from inherited dystrophies, acquired inflammatory myopathies, ageing (sarcopenia) and …

Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent
antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in …

Ischaemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced
during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute …

Vertebrates have evolved a sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on an almost
infinite diversity of antigen receptors that are clonally expressed by specialized immune cells …