Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms
that are crucial for well‐being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse …

Recent years have witnessed the rise of the gut microbiota as a major topic of research
interest in biology. Studies are revealing how variations and changes in the composition of …

We provide a general framework for understanding functional gastrointestinal disorders
(FGIDs) from a biopsychosocial perspective. More specifically, we provide an overview of …

The hypothesis of an important role of gut microbiota in the maintenance of physiological
state into the gastrointestinal (GI) system is supported by several studies that have shown a …

Mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that
reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. The microbiome represents the collective …

Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs of
the body, which affects a significant proportion of the population and is a common feature of …

Psychological stress is an important factor for the development of irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS). More and more clinical and experimental evidence showed that IBS is a combination …

Stress, which is defined as an acute threat to homeostasis, shows both short-and long-term
effects on the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Exposure to stress results in alterations of …

Background: The human gut microbiome comprise a huge number of microorganisms with
co-evolutionary associations with humans. It has been repeatedly revealed that bidirectional …

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an extremely prevalent but poorly understood
gastrointestinal disorder. Consequently, there are no clear diagnostic markers to help …