We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Atmospheric ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) play a critical role in cloud freezing processes,
with important implications for precipitation formation and cloud radiative properties, and …

Shallow clouds covering vast areas of the world's middle-and high-latitude oceans play a
key role in dampening the global temperature rise associated with CO 2. These clouds …

Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud
response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate …

As the atmosphere warms, part of the cloud population shifts from ice and mixed-phase
('cold') to liquid ('warm') clouds. Because warm clouds are more reflective and longer-lived …

The radiative impact of clouds strongly depends on their partitioning between liquid and ice
phases. Until recently, however, it has been challenging to unambiguously discriminate …

Global climate model (GCM) estimates of the equilibrium global mean surface temperature
response to a doubling of atmospheric CO2, measured by the equilibrium climate sensitivity …

Mixed-phase clouds represent a three-phase colloidal system consisting of water vapor, ice
particles, and coexisting supercooled liquid droplets. Mixed-phase clouds are ubiquitous in …

Arctic amplification (AA) is a coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean process. This
understanding has evolved from the early concept of AA, as a consequence of snow-ice line …

The equilibrium climate sensitivity of Earth is defined as the global mean surface air
temperature increase that follows a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. For decades …