The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major component of the systems that
respond to stress, by coordinating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Tightly …

In various areas of the bio-medical, pharmacological and psychological research a multitude
of behavioural tests have been used to investigate the effects of environmental, genetic and …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

The brain noradrenergic system is activated by acute stress. The post-synaptic effects of
norepinephrine (NE), exerted at a cellular or neural circuit level, have been described as …

Norepinephrine (NE) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter that has widespread effects
across multiple brain areas to regulate arousal and stress responses. The underlying …

The medial division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeAM) and the lateral division of
the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTL) are closely related. Both receive projections …

Chronic stress is a risk factor for the development of many psychopathological conditions in
humans, including major depression and anxiety disorders. There is a high degree of …

Proinflammatory cytokines act at receptors in the CNS to alter physiological and behavioral
responses. Exposure to stressors increases both peripheral and central proinflammatory …

Background: Stress affects body weight and food intake, but the underlying mechanisms are
not well understood. Methods: We evaluated the changes in body weight and food intake of …

The brain noradrenergic system is thought to facilitate neuronal processes that promote
behavioral activation, alertness, and attention. One region in which norepinephrine may …