Engaging in a test over previously studied information can serve as a potent learning event,
a phenomenon referred to as the testing effect. Despite a surge of research in the past …

The testing effect is a finding from cognitive psychology with relevance for education. It
shows that after an initial study period, taking a practice test improves long-term retention …

With so much talk about students who struggle in their classes and how to improve learning
in college and university classes, we tend to forget that learning in everyday life is often …

Practice takes many forms, but they all entail repeated learning opportunities. The
effectiveness of practice is well known to depend on how these learning opportunities are …

Review of learned material is crucial for the learning process. One approach that promises
to increase the effectiveness of reviewing during learning is to answer questions about the …

Education ideally should induce learning that lasts for years and more. A wealth of research
indicates that, to achieve long-lasting retention, information must be practiced and/or tested …

One of the goals of computerized tutoring systems is to optimize the learning of facts. Over a
hundred years of declarative memory research have identified two robust effects that can …

A new theoretical framework for the testing effect—the finding that retrieval practice is
usually more effective for learning than are other strategies—is proposed, the empirically …

In forward testing effects, taking a test enhances memory for subsequently studied material.
These effects have been observed for previously studied and tested items, a potentially item …

This is the second, revised and expanded edition. The first edition was published under the
slightly longer title" How to Take Smart Notes. One Simple Technique to Boost Writing …