Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent depressed
mood and causes serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Hyperactivity of the …

Abstract β 2-Adrenergic receptors (β 2-ARs) transduce the effects of (nor) epinephrine on a
variety of cell types and act as key mediators of the body's reaction to stress. β 2-ARs are …

Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from
where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A …

Degeneration of noradrenergic neurons occurs at an early stage of Alzheimer's Disease
(AD). The noradrenergic system regulates arousal and learning and memory, and has been …

Degeneration of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system is thought to play a key role in
the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas pharmacological approaches to …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Although the disease's …

Background Ischemic stroke provokes a neuroinflammatory response and simultaneously
promotes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system …

Background and Purpose Chronic inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of
Parkinson's disease (PD). Noradrenaline is an endogenous neurotransmitter with anti …

Microglia are immune cells that play important roles in the formation of the innate immune
response within the central nervous system (CNS). The NOD-like receptor family pyrin …

Stress-induced fetal programming diminishes β2 adrenergic tone, which coincides with
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and lifelong metabolic dysfunction. We determined if …