The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a brain stem area whose stimulation triggers
graded forward locomotion. How MLR neurons recruit downstream vsx2+(V2a) …

After spinal cord injury, tissue distal to the lesion contains undamaged cells that could
support or augment recovery. Targeting these cells requires a clearer understanding of their …

Although ubiquitous in biological studies, the enhanced green and yellow fluorescent
proteins (EGFP and EYFP) were not specifically optimized for neuroscience, and their …

Background Recent genetic technologies such as opto-and chemogenetics allow for the
manipulation of brain circuits with unprecedented precision. Most studies employing these …

The brain controls nearly all bodily functions via spinal projecting neurons (SPNs) that carry
command signals from the brain to the spinal cord. However, a comprehensive molecular …

Gene therapy has become a treatment method for many diseases. Adeno-associated virus
(AAV) is one of the most common virus vectors, is also widely used in the gene therapy field …

Viral tracers that enable efficient retrograde labeling of projection neurons are powerful
vehicles for structural and functional dissections of the neural circuit and for the treatment of …

Adeno-associated viral vectors are widely used as vehicles for gene transfer to the nervous
system. The promoter and viral vector serotype are two key factors that determine the …

Restoring function in chronic stages of spinal cord injury (SCI) has often been met with
failure or reduced efficacy when regenerative strategies are delayed past the acute or sub …

To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is important to reveal how movements are
planned, executed, and refined by networks of neurons distributed throughout the nervous …