Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global
warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm …

Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses to
the environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but it also exacerbates …

Land degradation reduces soil functioning and, consequently, the services that soil
provides. Soil hydrological functions are critical to combat soil degradation and promote soil …

Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The
observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

Evidence exists that tree mortality is accelerating in some regions of the tropics,, with
profound consequences for the future of the tropical carbon sink and the global …

As anthropogenic climate change continues the risks to biodiversity will increase over time,
with future projections indicating that a potentially catastrophic loss of global biodiversity is …

Global change includes a substantial increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme high
temperatures (EHTs), which influence insects at almost all levels. The number of studies …

Globally, collapse of ecosystems—potentially irreversible change to ecosystem structure,
composition and function—imperils biodiversity, human health and well‐being. We examine …

The frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme thermal events are increasing and are
projected to further increase by the end of the century,. Despite the considerable …