Although long-term memory consolidation is supported by sleep, it is unclear how it differs
from that during wakefulness. Our review, focusing on recent advances in the field, identifies …

Top-down feedback in cortex is critical for guiding sensory processing, which has
prominently been formalized in the theory of hierarchical predictive coding (hPC). However …

In the brain, most synapses are formed on minute protrusions known as dendritic spines.
Unlike their artificial intelligence counterparts, spines are not merely tuneable memory …

In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only~ 10–15%
of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological …

Biological processes are naturally regulated with high spatial and temporal control, as is
perhaps most evident in metazoan embryogenesis. Chemical tools have been extensively …

Photocleavable protecting groups (PPGs) are extensively used in chemical and biological
sciences. In their application, advantage is taken of using light as an external, non-invasive …

The potency of the environment to shape brain function changes dramatically across the
lifespan. Neural circuits exhibit profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized. A …

Diverse inhibitory neurons in the mammalian brain shape circuit connectivity and dynamics
through mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Inhibitory plasticity can establish …

Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function
with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic …

Synaptic transmission involves cell-to-cell communication at the synaptic junction between
two neurons, and chemical and electrical forms of this process have been extensively …