This paper, in the form of a frequently asked questions page (FAQ), addresses outstanding
questions about “shadow enhancers”, quasi‐redundant cis‐regulatory elements, and their …

Introduction During vertebrate limb development, gene members of the HoxD cluster are
transcribed in two subsequent waves, following a collinear strategy. Early on, genes located …

The evolution of digits was an essential step in the success of tetrapods. Among the key
players, Hoxd genes are coordinately regulated in developing digits, where they help …

Human higher cognition is attributed to the evolutionary expansion and elaboration of the
human cerebral cortex. However, the genetic mechanisms contributing to these …

It is a truth (almost) universally acknowledged that conserved non-coding genomic
sequences function in the cis regulation of neighbouring genes. But is this a misconception …

SOX2 is a master regulator of both pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and multipotent
neural progenitor cells (NPCs); however, we currently lack a detailed understanding of how …

Hox genes are required during the morphogenesis of both vertebrate digits and external
genitals. We investigated whether transcription in such distinct contexts involves a shared …

The large spectrum of limb morphologies reflects the wide evolutionary diversification of the
basic pentadactyl pattern in tetrapods. In even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls, including cattle) …

The temporal and spatial patterning involved in the specification, differentiation, and
myelination by oligodendroglia is coordinated in part by the activation and repression of …

Hox genes are required for the development of the intestinal cecum, a major organ of plant-
eating species. We have analyzed the transcriptional regulation of Hoxd genes in cecal …