The parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which is located in the pons and is dissected by one of the
major cerebellar output tracks, is known to relay sensory information (visceral malaise, taste …

The melanocortin system provides a conceptual blueprint for the central control of energetic
state. Defined by four principal molecular components—two antagonistically acting ligands …

Sensory neurons relay gut-derived signals to the brain, yet the molecular and functional
organization of distinct populations remains unclear. Here, we employed intersectional …

Abstract Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing
neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) are oppositely regulated by …

Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability
(for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass) …

The lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) is a major target of spinal projection neurons
conveying nociceptive input into supraspinal structures. However, the functional role of …

Abstract The “dorsal pons”, or “dorsal pontine tegmentum”(dPnTg), is part of the brainstem. It
is a complex, densely packed region whose nuclei are involved in regulating many vital …

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a key gateway for meal-related signals entering the
brain from the periphery. However, the chemical mediators crucial to this process have not …

Leptin is a master regulator of energy balance and body adiposity. Additionally, leptin exerts
important control on glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis, autonomic nervous system and …

Fear-related disorders (for example, phobias and anxiety) cause a substantial public health
problem. To date, studies of the neural basis of fear have mostly focused on the amygdala …