Organisms adapt to changing environments by adjusting their development, metabolism,
and behavior to improve their chances of survival and reproduction. To achieve such …

Studies of neuropeptide and peptide hormone signaling are coming of age in Drosophila
due to rapid developments in molecular genetics approaches that overcome the difficulties …

Octopamine (OA), a biogenic monoamine structurally related to noradrenaline, acts as a
neurohormone, a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter in invertebrates. It is present in …

There are two main classes of hormones in insects: 1) the true hormones produced by
epithelial glands and belonging to the ecdysteroids or juvenile hormones and 2) the …

Octopamine (OCT) belongs to a group of compounds known as biogenic amines. OCT, a
monohydroxylic analog of norepinephrine, is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate …

A complex cascade of neuronal, hormonal, muscular, and metabolic events leads to the
initiation and maintenance of a behavioral act. Hormones are released to mobilize metabolic …

The biological concept of stress originated in mammals, where a “General Adaptation
Syndrome” describes a set of common integrated physiological responses to diverse …

The effects of environmental and genetic factors on levels of octopamine, dopamine and
serotonin in brains from worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were measured using high …

Insects form the largest class of the phylum Arthropoda. There are at least one million known
species, so more than 50% of all existing organisms on earth are insects. It is even thought …

Insects are the largest group of animals. They are capable of surviving in virtually all
environments from arid deserts to the freezing permafrost of polar regions. This success is …