Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …

Ethanol (EtOH) has effects on numerous cellular molecular targets, and alterations in
synaptic function are prominent among these effects. Acute exposure to EtOH activates or …

Alcoholism is a serious public health concern that is characterized by the development of
tolerance to alcohol's effects, increased consumption, loss of control over drinking and the …

Adolescence represents a particularly vulnerable period during which exposure to stressors
can precipitate the onset of psychiatric disorders and addiction. The basolateral amygdala …

Background Many studies have revealed a widespread pattern of gray matter (GM) atrophy
by using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies involving the pathophysiology of alcohol …

Repeated cycles of binge alcohol drinking and abstinence are key components in the
development of dependence. However, the precise behavioral mechanisms underlying …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity among adults with
alcohol use disorder (AUD) worldwide. Its clinical course ranges from steatosis to alcoholic …

Fossil records showing trephination in the Stone Age provide evidence that humans have
sought to influence the mind through physical means since before the historical record …

Food addiction (FA) is loosely defined as hedonic eating behavior involving the
consumption of highly palatable foods (ie, foods high in salt, fat, and sugar) in quantities …

Previous studies have speculated that brain activity directly controls immune responses in
lymphoid organs. However, the upstream brain regions that control lymphoid organs and …