BACKGROUND Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a product of membrane sphingolipid
metabolism, is secreted and acts through G protein–coupled S1P receptors (S1PRs) in …

Membrane sphingolipids are metabolized to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive
lipid mediator that regulates many processes in vertebrate development, physiology, and …

Liver fibrosis is a regenerative process that occurs after injury. It is characterized by the
deposition of connective tissue by specialized fibroblasts and concomitant proliferative …

Background & Aims Exosomes are small membrane vesicles involved in intercellular
communication. Hepatocytes are known to release exosomes, but little is known about their …

Inflammation is part of our body's response to tissue injury and pathogens. It helps to recruit
various immune cells to the site of inflammation and activates the production of mediators to …

Stem cell-based therapy has been one of the best documented approaches in regenerative
medicine, promising cures for a multitude of diseases and disorders. However, the ex vivo …

Bile duct obstruction is a potent stimulus for cholangiocyte proliferation, especially for large
cholangiocytes. Our previous studies reported that conjugated bile acids (CBAs) activate the …

Bile acids have been shown to be important regulatory molecules for cells in the liver and
gastrointestinal tract. They can activate various cell signaling pathways including …

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) regulates immune cell trafficking, angiogenesis, and
vascular function via its five receptors. Inherited mutations in S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) occur …

Lysophospholipids are cell membrane-derived lipids that include both glycerophospholipids
such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingoid lipids such as sphingosine 1-phosphate …