Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate
acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms are
typically treated with levodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, but its action lacks specificity …

Glutamatergic hyperactivity in the nucleus striatum, the main basal ganglia input, has been
involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the onset of L-Dopa-induced …

Dopamine (DA) loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes debilitating motor deficits.
However, dopamine is also widely linked to reward prediction and learning, and the …

Levodopa‐induced motor complications remain an important source of disability for many
patients with Parkinson's disease. Substantial laboratory evidence indicates that motor …

The direct and indirect pathway striatal medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs) have
long been linked to action selection, but the precise roles of these neurons in this process …

The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is a Gαs/olf-coupled GPCR that is expressed in the
midbrain and forebrain, regulating motor behavior, reward, motivational states, and cognitive …

The striatum is richly innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate a
diverse array of cellular and synaptic functions that control goal-directed actions and habits …

A line of evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of dystonia involves the striatum,
whose activity is modulated among other neurotransmitters, by the dopaminergic system …