Glucocorticoids (GCs; ie cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress
response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful …

Many studies have examined effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and fetal development,
especially on prematurity and birthweight, and more recently long-term effects on child …

Although plasma corticosterone is considered the main glucocorticoid involved in regulation
of stress responses in rodents, the presence of plasma cortisol and whether its level can be …

What is animal welfare? Why has it proved so difficult to find a definition that everyone can
agree on? This concise and accessible guide is for anyone who is interested in animals and …

Stressors are commonly accepted as the causal factors, either internal or external, that
evoke physiological responses to mediate the impact of the stressor. The majority of …

Air pollutant exposures are linked to cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, metabolic
syndrome, neurobehavioral conditions, and reproductive abnormalities. Significant effort is …

It is now understood that gut bacteria exert effects beyond the local boundaries of the
gastrointestinal tract to include distant tissues and overall health. Prototype probiotic …

The review integrates different experimental approaches including biochemistry, c-Fos
expression, microdialysis (glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline and serotonin) …

Hair analysis is emerging as a popular tool to examine stress and reproduction hormone
levels in wild mammals. The reliability of this approach, however, depends on an …

The widespread use of phthalates (PAEs) has drawn increasing attention due to their
endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, while the steroid metabolome is essential for …