Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia
and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions …

Radiotherapy with high-energy charged particles has become an attractive therapeutic
option for patients with several tumour types because this approach better spares healthy …

The linear-quadratic model is one of the key tools in radiation biology and physics. It
provides a simple relationship between cell survival and delivered dose:, and has been …

The past 20 years have seen dramatic changes in the delivery of radiation therapy, but the
impact of radiobiology on the clinic has been far less substantial. A major consideration in …

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and has the ability to
spread or metastasize throughout the body. In recent years, remarkable progress has been …

Charged particle therapy is generally regarded as cutting-edge technology in oncology.
Many proton therapy centres are active in the USA, Europe, and Asia, but only a few centres …

Charged particle therapy has been largely driven and influenced by nuclear physics. The
increase in energy deposition density along the ion path in the body allows reducing the …

Immunotherapy, where the patient's own immune system is exploited to eliminate tumor
cells, has become one of the most prominent new cancer treatment options in the last …

Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating a comprehensive network of
biochemical pathways that enable damage recognition and initiate responses leading to …

In addition to the physical advantages (Bragg peak), the use of charged particles in cancer
therapy can be associated with distinct biological effects compared to X-rays. While heavy …