Azoospermia is classified as obstructive azoospermia (OA) or non-obstructive azoospermia
(NOA), each having very different etiologies and treatments. The etiology, diagnosis, and …

This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed
puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both …

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) plays vital roles in reproduction and steroid
hormone production in both sexes. The focus of this review is upon gene structures, receptor …

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) or secondary hypogonadism is defined as a clinical
syndrome that results from gonadal failure due to abnormal pituitary gonadotropin levels …

GnRH neurons follow a carefully orchestrated journey from their birth in the olfactory
placode area. Initially, they migrate along with the vomeronasal nerve into the brain at the …

The hypothalamus is a brain region which regulates homeostasis by mediating endocrine,
autonomic and behavioral functions. It is comprised of several nuclei containing distinct …

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a temporary infertility characterized by the
suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, induced by the inhibition of …

The mechanisms underlying the initiation of puberty, one of the cornerstones of human
evolution, have not been fully elucidated as yet. However, recently, an accumulating body of …

Objective IGF1 plays an important role in growth and metabolism during puberty. IGF1 levels
are increased in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). However, the relationship with …

Objective The incidence of idiopathic precocious puberty (IPP) might have an increasing
trend. But the causes and risk factors of IPP are unknown. The objective of our study is to …