Several over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are known to be misused. Among them are opioids
such as codeine, dihydrocodeine, and loperamide. This work elucidates their pharmacology …

The use of image-and performance-enhancing drugs particularly anabolic-androgenic
steroids (AAS) is not a new phenomenon. AAS use is not limited to athletes, with mainstream …

Background Testosterone is used therapeutically in medical settings. Non-prescribed
testosterone use is typically illegal, described as 'enhancement'or 'doping', and considered a …

Misuse of opioid analgesics is an emergent global public health concern. Codeine has an
identified abuse liability, given its effect and development of tolerance within a short …

Continued diversification and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) across Europe
remains a public health challenge. The study describes health and social consequences of …

Background: Octodrine is the trade name for Dimethylhexylamine (DMHA), a central nervous
stimulant that increases the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. Originally developed as …

In looking to contextualize the implications of the increasing use of IPEDs, researchers have
explored some of the operations of the market in these drugs, both at the local level, and …

Introduction Opioid prescribing trends have been investigated in many countries. However,
the patterns of over-the-counter purchases of opioids without a prescription, such as codeine …

Teaching chemistry without access to a traditional laboratory space is an ongoing challenge
that has become especially relevant because of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While several …

Abstract “Krokodil” is the street name for the homemade injectable mixture that has been
used as a cheap substitute for heroin. Its use begun in Russia and Ukraine and nowadays is …