Insect galls are dramatic examples of extended phenotypes: although composed of host
plant tissues, their development is largely controlled by insect genes. Adaptive explanations …

Biologists who study insect-induced plant galls are faced with the overwhelming diversity of
plant forms and insect species. A challenge is to find common themes amidst this diversity …

Feeding inside leaves by" leaf-mining" insects has been viewed as an adaptive innovation
for consuming foliage. The leaf mine presumably provides its occupant shelter from the …

Studies on the vertical distribution patterns of arthropods in temperate deciduous forests
reveal highly stratified (ie, unevenly vertically distributed) communities. These patterns are …

We evaluate a three‐part hypothesis explaining why gall‐inducing insect species richness is
so high in scleromorphic vegetation:(1) persistence of low nutrient status scleromorphic …

Smith and Lucas (1993) suggested that the human skeleton is “an overlooked but effective
visual aid.” We concur, not just for anatomical landmarks, but for the understanding of …

1 We tested four hypotheses concerning the variation in species richness of gall-inducing
insects (GII) in plant communities. We sampled deciduous and riparian habitats in a tropical …

Five hypotheses were tested to explain the pattern of galling insect species richness in four
neotropical savanna physiognomies,'canga','campo sujo','cerrado's. st., and'cerradão', that …

Galls are neoformed structures induced by specific animals, fungi, bacteria, virus or some
parasitic plants on their host plant organs. Developmental processes are well known in …

In Brazil, cacao is mostly planted beneath shade trees. The diversity of shade trees varies
from monospecific to highly diverse canopies, characteristic of pristine Atlantic Forest. This …