Abstract Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are both branches of AI. As a form of
AI, ML automatically adapts to changing datasets with minimal human interference. Deep …

Reports published in Vision Research during the late years of the 20th century described
surprising effects of long-term sensitivity improvement with some basic visual tasks as a …

Sleep is beneficial for learning. However, it remains unclear whether learning is facilitated
by non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep or by REM sleep, whether it results from plasticity …

Overlearning refers to the continued training of a skill after performance improvement has
plateaued. Whether overlearning is beneficial is a question in our daily lives that has never …

Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is defined as a long-term improvement in performance on a
visual task. In recent years, the idea that conscious effort is necessary for VPL to occur has …

The adult mammalian brain has a remarkable capacity to learn in both the perceptual and
motor domains through the formation and consolidation of memories. Such practice-enabled …

Sleep plays an important role in the consolidation of recent memories. However, the cellular
and synaptic mechanisms of consolidation during sleep remain poorly understood. In this …

Classical human memory studies investigating the acquisition of temporally-linked events
have found that the memories for two events will interfere with each other and cause …

Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by
changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However …

Neurofeedback studies using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI)
have recently incorporated the multi-voxel pattern decoding approach, allowing for fMRI to …