The productivity of ecosystems and their capacity to support life depends on access to
reactive nitrogen (N). Over the past century, humans have more than doubled the global …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is increasing, which increases leaf‐scale
photosynthesis and intrinsic water‐use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of
terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding …

Contents Summary 32 I. The importance of plant carbon metabolism for climate change 32 II.
Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon metabolism 33 III. Rising temperatures and carbon …

The elevation of atmospheric CO 2 concentration has a strong impact on the physiology of
C3 plants, far beyond photosynthesis and C metabolism. In particular, it reduces the …

Life on Earth comes in many forms, but all life-forms share a common element in carbon. It is
the basic building block of biology, and by trapping radiation it also plays an important role …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Demand of all living organisms on the same nutrients forms the basis for interspecific
competition between plants and microorganisms in soils. This competition is especially …

This review surveys the basic theories, observational methods, satellite algorithms, and land
surface models for terrestrial evapotranspiration, E (or λE, ie, latent heat flux), including a …