The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration have led to a
new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Globally, Mars has a basaltic …

The solution-mediated formation of calcium sulfate minerals, ie gypsum, anhydrite and
bassanite, is a common process in both natural and engineered settings. It plays a key role …

Mars accumulated and differentiated into crust, mantle and core within a few tens of millions
of years of Solar System formation. Formation of Hellas, which has been adopted as the …

Precipitated minerals, including salts, are primary tracers of atmospheric conditions and
water chemistry in lake basins. Ongoing in situ exploration by the Curiosity rover of …

Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived
from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one …

Martian aqueous mineral deposits have been examined and characterized using data
acquired during Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) primary science phase, including …

Iron formations deposited in marine settings during the Precambrian represent large sinks of
iron and silica, and have been used to reconstruct environmental conditions at the time of …

Impure reworked evaporitic sandstones, preserved on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are mixtures
of roughly equal amounts of altered siliciclastic debris, of basaltic provenance (40±10% by …

High spatial and spectral resolution reflectance data acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument …

Wind blowing over sand on Earth produces decimeter-wavelength ripples and hundred-
meter–to kilometer-wavelength dunes: bedforms of two distinct size modes. Observations …