Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin,
phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor …

Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic …

Breast cancers are complex cellular ecosystems where heterotypic interactions play central
roles in disease progression and response to therapy. However, our knowledge of their …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in primary and metastatic tumours are highly
versatile, plastic and resilient cells that are actively involved in cancer progression through …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better
understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response …

Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic …

Insufficient tumor accumulation and distribution of photosensitizers as well as low antitumor
immunity severely restrict the therapeutic efficacy of photothermal therapy (PTT). Cancer …

Tumor microenvironment denotes the non-cancerous cells and components presented in
the tumor, including molecules produced and released by them. The constant interactions …

The functions of, and interactions between, the innate and adaptive immune systems are
vital for anticancer immunity. Cytotoxic T cells expressing cell-surface CD8 are the most …

TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …