Cytokines are key modulators of immunity. Most cytokines use the Janus kinase and signal
transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway to promote gene …

Cytokines play essential roles in innate and adaptive immunity. However, excess cytokines
or dysregulation of cytokine signaling will cause a variety of diseases, including allergies …

Macrophages are innate immune cells of dynamic phenotype that rapidly respond to
external stimuli in the microenvironment by altering their phenotype to respond to and to …

Allergic asthma is a chronic lung disease initiated and driven by Th2 cytokines IL-4/-13. In
macrophages, IL-4/-13 bind IL-4 receptors, which signal through insulin receptor substrate …

Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins bind to certain cytokine receptors, Janus
kinases and signalling molecules to regulate signalling pathways, thus controlling immune …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs which has been thought to arise as a
result of inappropriately directed T helper type-2 (Th2) immune responses of the lungs to …

The ERK1/2 signaling pathway regulates a variety of T-cell functions. We observed dynamic
changes in the expression of ERK1/2 during T-helper cell differentiation. Specifically, the …

Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE is a tightly regulated process
central to atopic disease. To profile the B-cell transcriptional responses underlying the …

It is evident that the accumulation of periodontal pathogens over the teeth surface triggers
periodontitis; however, its aggravation and severity depend on other elements such as …

At mucosal surfaces, phagocytes such as macrophages coexist with microbial communities;
highly controlled regulation of these interactions is essential for immune homeostasis …