Highlights•Endosymbiotic theory explains why organelles resemble free-living
bacteria.•Gene trees are well-suited to testing endosymbiotic theory, but not to replacing …

Parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma possess a vestigial plastid homologous to
the chloroplasts of algae and plants. The plastid (known as the apicoplast; for apicomplexan …

In 1981 I established kingdom Chromista, distinguished from Plantae because of its more
complex chloroplast-associated membrane topology and rigid tubular multipartite ciliary …

Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa cause diseases that impact global health and
economy. These unicellular eukaryotes possess a relict plastid, the apicoplast, which is an …

The plastids of ecologically and economically important algae from phyla such as
stramenopiles, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes were acquired via a secondary …

Phytoplankton growth is limited in vast oceanic regions by the low bioavailability of iron. Iron
fertilization often results in diatom blooms, yet the physiological underpinnings for how …

Plasmodium and Toxoplasma are genera of apicomplexan parasites that infect millions of
people each year. The former causes malaria, and the latter causes neurotropic infections …

Phaeodactylum tricornutum plastid is surrounded by four membranes, and its protein
composition and function remain mysterious. In this study, the P. tricornutum plastid …

The bacterial outer membrane (OM) is an exceptional biological structure with a unique
composition that contributes significantly to the resiliency of Gram-negative bacteria. Since …

The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria was a landmark event in the history
of eukaryotic life. Subsequent to the evolution of primary plastids, photosynthesis spread …