Alternative theories of gravity predict modifications in the propagation of gravitational waves
(GW) through space–time. One of the smoking-gun predictions of such theories is the …

Context. In metric theories of gravity with photon number conservation, the luminosity and
angular diameter distances are related via the Etherington relation, also known as the …

In this paper, we assemble a catalog of 118 strong gravitational lensing systems from the
Sloan Lens ACS Survey, BOSS emission-line lens survey, Lens Structure and Dynamics …

The formal division of the distance indicators into primary and secondary leads to difficulties
in description of methods which can actually be used in two ways: with, and without the …

We use gravitational wave (GW) standard sirens, in addition to Type Ia supernovae (SNIa)
and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) mock data, to forecast constraints on the …

Strong lensing has developed into an important astrophysical tool for probing both
cosmology and galaxies (their structure, formation, and evolution). Using the gravitational …

Under very general assumptions of the metric theory of spacetime, photons traveling along
null geodesics and photon number conservation, two observable concepts of cosmic …

This paper discusses if large scale galaxy distribution samples containing almost one million
objects can be characterized as fractal systems. The analysis performed by Teles et al.(Phys …

We perform a cosmological-model-independent test for the distance–duality (DD) relation η
(z)= DL (z)(1+ z)− 2/DA (z), where DL and DA are the luminosity distance and angular …

Context. Observations in the cosmological domain are heavily dependent on the validity of
the cosmic distance-duality (DD) relation, η= DL (z)(1+ z) 2/DA (z)= 1, an exact result …