Background Shark new antigen receptor variable domain (VNAR) antibodies can bind
restricted epitopes that may be inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Methods Here, we …

Tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated efficacy in the clinic,
becoming an important approach for cancer immunotherapy. Due to its limited expression …

The promise of idiotype-based therapeutics has been disappointing forcing a new look at
the concept and its potential to generate an effective approach for immunotherapy. Here, the …

Regulation of the adaptive immune response is critical for health. Regulatory activity can be
found in multiple components of the immune system, however, the focus on particular …

Disialoganglioside GD2 is a promising target for immunotherapy with expression primarily
restricted to neuroectodermal and epithelial tumor cells. Although its role in the maintenance …

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau pathology manifested in the accumulation of intraneuronal
tangles and soluble toxic oligomers emerges as a potential therapeutic target. Multiple anti …

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-IDs) were discovered at the very beginning of the 20th century
and have attracted attention of researchers for many years. Nowadays, there are five known …

The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises
and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This …

T-cell recognition of antigen epitopes is a crucial step for the induction of adaptive immune
responses, and the identification of such T-cell epitopes is, therefore, important for …

Vaccination is the most effective method to protect humans and animals from diseases. Anti-
idiotype vaccines are safer due to their absence of pathogens. However, the commercial …